OutOfMemory：PermGen Space异常的处理和分析
by tonny.xu on Aug.15, 2007, under Java Tech
Java程序员没有遇到过OutOfMemory简直就是不可能的事情！
可见在Java的世界中，太多的不确定因素导致Java运行程序直接崩溃，直接抛出OutOfMemory异常，而一旦遇到了这个问题，调查起来就非常的困难。在JDK 5.0以前，OutOfMemory只有这么一句话： java.lang.OutOfMemory Exception…基本上无从下手，无从分析。从JDK 5.0以后对OutOfMemory增加了许多的详细说明，为这个异常的分析提供了很大的便利。
这次遇到的问题就是会抛出OutOfMemory:PermGen Space的异常，这个异常非常有意思，根据【此文章】的描述，这是一个Sun JVM的bug，从2003年开始，一只到现在都没有解决。而且提出来的解决方案是使用JRockit。Bug产生的原因已经找到，就是因为JVM在分配PermGen Space的时候出现了PermGen Space不足的情况，默认情况下 PermGen的大小为64M，在不换用JRockit的情况下，可以在启动JVM的时候添加一个参数： -XX: MaxPermSize= 128m| 256m| 512m。
那么究竟什么是PermGen呢？
PermGen 原来是指Permanent Generation，本身是在Java的垃圾收集机制（GC）中产生的一个概念。Java的垃圾收集机制最早只是遍历所有的对象，如果发现某个对象没有被引用，则回收，这是在早期的Java 1.0和Java 1.1的时候的GC规则。慢慢的，这样一种“愚蠢的”GC算法成为了JVM性能的瓶颈，在拥有大量数据的Java应用程序中，GC的算法被高度强化，于是各种各样高效的JVM GC算法被发展了起来。从J2SE也就是Java 1.2开始，JVM引入了多种GC算法，其中一种用的非常多的就是Generational Collection，中文也叫做“分代收集法”。
分代收集法摈弃了对所有对象的遍历，而是采用一些经验属性去避免额外的工作（While naive garbage collection examines every live object in the heap, generational collection exploits several empirically observed properties of most applications to avoid extra work）。其中导入了一个非常关键的概念：infant mortality （幼儿死亡率），这表示越是新生成的变量或者对象，越容易被收集。下面一张图表示了对象的生命周期，横轴表示的是测试到对象的生命周期，纵轴表示在一个指定的生命周期上被回收的对象数量。
可以看到，在使用了分代收集法以后，年轻一代的对象被收集的比例最高。并且在内存中的对象会按照不同的“年龄”来划分，当一个年龄段的对象满了以后，在这个年龄段上就会发生垃圾收集，从最年轻的一代开始，一直到“永生代”，在内存中，所有的对象可以划分为很多代，最后的一代“永生代”就是“Permanent Generation”，这里就是直接引出“Permanent Generation”概念的地方。具体可以参考下图：
根据前面所说的情况，在分代垃圾收集的情况下会产生Permanent Generation的概念，而这个分代垃圾收集法是并行收集和并发收集的基础，所以Permanent Generation会一直存在，那么这个Permanent Generation究竟是做什么用的呢？这里保存了JVM中所有对象的类信息，包括类的元数据，还有方法描述等等，所以这一代内存垃圾收集算法是不一样的，在Java大程序的情况下，尤其是J2EE 或者说Java EE的大型应用程序上，Permanent Generation的大小会直接限定能载入类的数量和大小。
【解决办法】就是设定JVM启动的时候参数，可以如下设置：
java -XX: PermSize=64m -XX: MaxPermSize=128m
另外PermSize 和MaxPermSize如果设置为相同还可以在一定程度上提高性能，因为，PermSize在不断的变化中会需要转移其中的数据。如果固定了以后，则可以减少每次扩大PermSize带来的性能损失。
更多的请参考 【Java官方站点】
另外，还可以在Java启动的时候添加下面的参数来看GC的运行情况：
Java -verbosegc
（完）
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